How Does the Hanukkah Menorah Work?

A row of nine candles lit for Hanukkah. — Hanukkah is a Jewish holiday. Rick Gayle Studio / Getty Images

Every year, usually in mid- to late-December on the Western calendar, Kislev 25 on the Hebrew calendar, Jews around the world celebrate the holiday of Hanukkah. Also know as the Festival of Lights, the holiday remembers one particular instance of triumph over religious persecution, when the Jews were able to escape oppression at the hands of Antiochus, a Syrian king.

Hanukkah is an eight-night celebration, and the celebration includes lighting a candle in the Hanukiyah (in English-speaking countries this is often called a Menorah, which is the Hebrew word for a candelabra) on each day of the holiday.

In 167 B.C.E., the Syrian king Antiochus IV began to outlaw Jewish religious practices and forced Jews to adopt Greek rituals. His men took control of the Jews' Holy Temple in Jerusalem, looted it and erected an idol of a Greek god there. One Jewish family, the Hasmoneans (led by Mattityahu and his five sons), decided to take a stand against the persecution. The Greek forces arrived in the town of Modiin, near Jerusalem. It was here that after refusing to violate his own religion by praying to the Greek god Zeus, Mattityahu attacked the Greek soldiers.

This action began the Jewish rebellion. Mattityahu and his sons became known as the Maccabees, which means "men who are as strong as hammers" in Hebrew. The small army, led by Mattityahu's most famous son, Judah Maccabee, fought sizeable Greek forces. In 165 B.C.E., the Maccabees were triumphant. On the 25th of the Hebrew month Kislev, the Maccabees reclaimed the Holy Temple.

They decided to rededicate the temple — the word "Hanukkah" means dedication. The Jewish army was unable to find enough oil to light the menorah, or candle holder, to be used in the service. The Maccabees found only one bottle of oil, enough for only a single night. Miraculously, the oil lasted eight nights, giving the Jews time to produce more oil.

The holiday of Hanukkah commemorates this miracle. By lighting candles for eight nights, Jews celebrate the triumph of the Maccabees, the rededication of the Holy Temple and the miracle of the oil lasting for eight days.

The Hanukiyah

The most important, and most recognized, Hanukkah tradition is the lighting of the candelabra, known as the Hanukiyah (or the Menorah). The Hanukiyah holds nine candles, eight representing the eight nights of the holiday plus the Shamash — this candle is used to light the other candles. The first candle is lit on Erev Hanukkah, the night before the holiday starts.

One inserts the candles into the Hanukiyah from right to left, one candle for each day of the Hanukkah miracle (for instance, on the second day of Hanukkah, there are two regular candles and a Shamash candle in the Hanukiyah). Blessings are said while someone lights the candles from left to right. According to tradition, the left-most candle represents the most recent day of the miracle, and one lights this candle first because he is most thankful that the oil lasted yet another day. As each day passes, the Hanukiyah becomes brighter and brighter.

These are the blessings for the lighting of the Hanukiyah:

Blessing for the candles: Ba-ruch ata, A-do-nai E-lo-hei-nu, me-lech ha-o-lam, a-sher ki-de-sha-nu be-mits-vo tav, ve-tsi-va-nu le-had-lik neir shel Chan-nu-kah. Blessed are you, Lord, our God, king of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light the candles of Hanukkah.
Blessing for Hanukkah: Ba-ruch ata, A-do-nai E-lo-hei-nu, me-lech ha-o-lam, she-a-sa ni-sim la-vo-tei-nu ba-ya-mim ha-heim ba-ze-man ha-zeh. Blessed are you, Lord, our God, king of the universe, who performed miracles for our ancestors in those days at this time.
The Shehechyanu (only said the first night): Ba-ruch ata, A-do-nai E-lo-hei-nu, me-lech ha-o-lam, she-he-chya-nu ve-ki-ya-ma-nu ve-hi-gi-a-nu laz-man-ha-zeh. Blessed are you, Lord, our God, king of the universe, who has kept us alive, sustained us, and enabled us to reach this season.

For more information on the holiday of Hanukkah, see How Hanukkah Works.

Hanukkah Menorah FAQ

What do the candles on a menorah represent?

The eight candles in the menorah symbolize the number of days that the Temple lantern stayed lit on one bottle of oil (which should have only lasted one night). The ninth, the shamash, is a helper candle used to light the others.

What is the story behind Hanukkah?

In 167 B.C., the Syrian king Antiochus IV outlawed Jewish religious practices and forced Jews to adopt Greek rituals, taking control of the Holy Temple. However, a Jewish rebellion led by the Maccabees, meaning "men who are as strong as hammers", was triumphant in 165 B.C. After reclaiming the Holy Temple, they decided to rededicate it (the word "Hanukkah" means dedication), but were only able to find one bottle of oil to light the menorah â€” not enough for the whole service. Miraculously, the oil lasted eight nights, giving the Jews time to produce more oil. The holiday of Hanukkah commemorates this miracle.

Why are there different menorahs?

There are two different types of menorah. The seven-branched menorah is for daily use or decoration around the home and is a replica of the one that was in the Temple. It stands for light, wisdom, and divine inspiration. The nine branched menorah, called a Hanukkiah, is for use during Hanukkah only.

How do you light the Hanukkah menorah?

The candles are lit one day at a time and placed into the Hanukiyah from right to left. Blessings are said in Hebrew for the Shehechyanu (only on the first night), and for the candles and Hanukkah.

What are some important Hanukkah traditions?

Hanukkah, or the Festival of Lights, traditions include lighting the candles of the Hanukiyah; playing with a dreidel; eating potato pancakes or "latkes" and sufganiyot, jelly doughnuts fried in oil; and exchanging Hanukkah money or "gelt" in Yiddish.