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How Presidential Pardons Work

by Patrick J. Kiger Updated: Dec 15, 2020

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  • Askin, Frank. "Congress's power to compel." Washington Post. July 21, 2007. (Dec. 13, 2020) http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/20/AR2007072001802.html
  • Associated Press. "Reagan Pardons Steinbrenner, 9 Others." Los Angeles Times. Jan. 20, 1989. (Dec. 13, 2020) https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-20-mn-957-story.html
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  • Martin, Douglas. "Marc Rich, Financier and Famous Fugitive, Dies at 78." New York Times. June 26, 2013. (Dec. 14, 2020) https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/27/business/marc-rich-pardoned-financier-dies-at-78.html
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  • Panetta, Grace. "Trump calls the Mueller probe 'a hoax' in his first public comments since the release of the investigation's redacted report." Business Insider. April 18, 2019. (Dec. 13, 2020) https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-calls-mueller-probe-hoax-after-redacted-report-release-2019-4
  • Radosh, Ronald and Radosh, Allis. "Rethinking Warren G. Harding." New York Times. Aug. 27, 2015. (Dec. 14, 2020) https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/27/opinion/rethinking-warren-g-harding.html
  • Reaves, Jessica. "The Marc Rich case: A Primer." Time. Time.com. Feb. 13, 2001. (Dec. 13, 2020) http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,99302,00.html
  • Reinhard, Beth and Gearan, Anne. "Most Trump clemency grants bypass Justice Dept. and go to well-connected offenders." Washington Post. Feb. 3, 2020. (Dec. 14, 2020) https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/most-clemency-grants-bypass-doj-and-go-to-well-connected-offenders/2020/02/03/4e8f3eb2-21ce-11ea-9c2b-060477c13959_story.html
  • Ruckman, P.S. Jr. "Presidential Character and Executive Clemency: A Re-Examination." Northern Illinois University. Dec. 13, 2020) https://docplayer.net/20923377-Presidential-character-and-executive-clemency-a-re-examination-p-s-ruckman-jr-northern-illinois-university.html
  • Shanor, Charles and Miller, Mark. "Pardon us: Systematic Presidential Pardons." Federal Sentencing Reporter. Caliber.UCPress.net. 2000-2001. (Dec. 13, 2020) https://online.ucpress.edu/fsr/article-abstract/13/3-4/139/42556/Pardon-Us-Systematic-Presidential-Pardons?redirectedFrom=fulltext
  • Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III. "Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In the 2016 Presidential Election. Vol. I of II." Justice.gov. March 2019. (Dec. 13, 2020) https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf
  • Thompson, Richard M. II. "The President's Pardon Power and Legal Effects on Collateral Consequences." Congressional Research Service. July 26, 2016. (Dec. 14, 2020) https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44571.pdf
  • Time magazine. "Notorious Presidential Pardons: The gift of freedom, Jimmy Hoffa, 1971." Time.com (Dec. 14, 2020) http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1862257_1862325_1862316,00.html
  • University of Missouri-Kansas City Law. "The Constitution and impeachment." UMKC.edu. (Dec. 13, 2002) http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/impeach/constitution.html
  • U.S. Department of Justice. "Federal Statutes Imposing Collateral Consequences Upon Conviction." Justice.gov. November 2000. (Dec. 14, 2020) https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pardon/legacy/2006/11/13/collateral_consequences.pdf
  • U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. "United States of America v. Michael T, Flynn, Defendant. Notice of Executive Grant of Clemency and Consent Motion to Dismiss as Moot." Politico.com. Nov. 30, 2020. (Dec. 13, 2020) https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000176-1b60-d27b-a5f6-db7067980000
  • U.S. Constitution. "Constitutional topic: Presidential pardons." Usconstitution.net . (Dec. 13, 2020) http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_pard.html
  • U.S. Constitution. "U.S. Constitution - Article 2 Section 2." Usconstitution.net. (Dec. 13, 2020) http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_A2Sec2.html
  • U.S. Dept. of Justice. "Standards for the consideration of clemency pardons." Justice.gov. Feb. 22, 2018. (Dec. 13, 2020) https://www.justice.gov/pardon/legal-authority-governing-executive-clemency
  • Wegmann, Mary Ann. "Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop and the Battle of New Orleans." New Orleans Historical Society. (Dec. 14, 2020) https://bit.ly/3anLQVt
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